LOVELIT'

  S IXTEENTH CENTURY/ELIZABETHAN PROSE The Elizabethan Age has well been called as a young age. It was full of boundless vigour, reawakened intellectual esteem and soaring imagination. The best of the age is found in drama and next in poetry. As prose, unlike verse, does not admit any substantial restriction hence Elizabethan prose developed substantially. For the first time prose had risen to a position of first rate importance. The dead weight of the Latin tradition was passing away and English prose was acquiring a tradition and a universal application. During the 15 th  century Latin dominated as the medium of expression while English came to its own in the 16 th  century. With the arrival of mass printing, English prose became the popular medium for works aiming both at amusement and instruction. The books which date from this period covered many departments of learning. The early Elizabethan use of prose was rich, gaudy and overflowing. It is far from commonly accep...

  HISTORY OF ENGLISH PROSE FIFTEENTH CENTURY PROSE The Fifteenth century is comparatively barren and non productive in the field of English literature. During this time little poetry of quality was written. The English and Scottish poets were very poor imitators of Chaucer both in the command of subject matter and versification. But the prose literature of this age recorded considerable progress. Unlike the poetry of this age prose suffered from no retrogression. There was a perceptible increase in skill due to increased practice. There was a growing perception of the beauties of rhythm and cadence and there was the development of various prose styles including the ornate and the plain. The English prose certainly moved forward during the 15 th  century to a richness that was unknown to the preceding age. During the 15 th  century prose made some remarkable progress because the English men shaped the rough material of their native tongue to form a literature for providing...

 D ifference between pramana vyavastha and pramana samplava. There are different means through which we learn valid knowledge.  These means are called pramanas.  The pramanas are six in number.  They are perception (pratyaksa), inference (anumana), comparison (upamana), testimony (sabda), presumption (arthapatti), and non-cognition (anupalabdhi).  Pramana-vyavastha means the jurisdiction of each pramana is mutually exclusive of the jurisdiction of the other.  For example Buddhist philosophy believes in pramana vyavastha which means every pramana has separate jurisdiction. Pramana samplava means various prmanas may overlap each other.  The schools of Nyaya and Vaisesika believe in pramana samplava.

 T he classification of the Indian philosophical systems into heterodox and orthodox schools. There are nine Indian Philosophical systems. They are classified into two divisions of the orthodox (astika) and the heterodox (nastika).  The schools of materialism, Buddhism, and Jainism don’t approve of the authority of the Vedas.  They are called heterodox, or nastika.  The remaining six schools are all orthodox, because directly or indirectly they accept the authority of the Vedas.  They are Nyaya, Vaisesika, Sankhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, and Vedanta schools of philosophy.  Of these, Mimamsa and Vedanta schools of philosophy depend on the Vedas and follow Vedic tradition and rituals.  On the other hand, Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya and Vaisesika are not based on the Vedas, but follow Vedic ideas.  The materialist school of philosophy accepts four human values such as dharma, artha, kama, and moksha but they don’t accept the ideas of God, soul, akasa.  They ac...

  Heterodox Schools of Indian Philosophy: Buddhist It is a system of beliefs based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. Buddhism is a non-theistic philosophy whose tenets are not especially concerned with the existence or non-existence of God. The question of God is largely irrelevant in Buddhism, and it is mainly founded on the rejection of certain orthodox Hindu philosophical concepts (althought it does share some philosophical views with Hinduism, such as belief in karma). Four Noble Truths in Buddhism are the following. There is suffering There is a cause of suffering There is a cessation of suffering There is a way to the cessation of suffering Buddhists philosophy of life to get ‘Nirvana’ from suffering is based on the following eight principles: Right Faith (Samyak Dristi) Right Resolve (Samyak Sankalpa) Right Speech (Samyak Vakya) Right Action (Samyak Karmanta) Right Living ( Samyak Ajiva) Right Thought (Samyak Smriti) Right concentration (Samyak Samadhi) Right Effort (S...

  Heterodox Schools of Indian Philosophy: Carvaka The term Carvaka was first recorded in the 7th Century by the philosopher Purandara, and in the 8th Century by Kamalasila and Haribhadra. Also known as Lokayata, Carvaka is a materialistic school of thought and is aimed at common people. It is characterised as a materialistic and aesthetic school of thought. It accepted direct perception as the surest method to prove the truth of anything and rejected the theory of Brahmana and God.

  Orthodox Schools of Indian philosophy: Purva mimamsa (Mimansa) The word Mimamsa means to analyze,reason and understand thoroughly.  The main objective of the Purva Mimamsa school is to interpret and establish the authority of the Vedas. It requires unquestionable faith in the Vedas and the regular performance of the Vedic fire-sacrifices to sustain all the activity of the universe. Mimamsa philosophy lays emphasis on the performance of the rituals and yagya as prescribed by the Vedas for attaining salvation. It relies on the Brahmana and Samhita part of the Vedas. Although in general the Mimamsa accept the logical and philosophical teachings of the other schools, they insist that salvation can only be attained by acting in accordance with the prescriptions of the Vedas. Orthodox Schools of Indian philosophy: Uttara Mimamsa (Vedanda) Vedanta literally means end of the Vedas. It is inspired by the philosophy propounded in the Upanishads (mystic or spiritual contemplations with...

  Orthodox Schools of Indian philosophy: Nyaya The Nyaya school founded was founded by Gautam and propounded in Nyaya Sutras. It believes in logical thinking to achieve salvation and that nothing is acceptable unless it is in accordance with reason and experience (scientific approach). Nyaya philosophy relies on several pramanas i.e. means of obtaining true knowledge which are derived from the Samkhya school. They are : (i)Pratyaksha pramana (Perception obtained through the 5 senses) (ii) Anumana (Inference, through which we can obtain true knowledge) (iii)Shabda pramana (Statement of an expert) Orthodox Schools of Indian philosophy: Vaisheshika Philosophy Vaisheshika school was founded by Kanada and deals with the physicality of the universe. It also propounded the atomic theory stating that all material objects are made up of atoms. They also argue that everything in nature was created by the five main elements i.e. Fire,Air,Water,Earth and Sky. Some of their concepts were closel...

  Orthodox Schools of Indian philosophy: Samkhya Samkhya is the oldest school of philosphy.  It was put forward by Kapila who wrote Samkhya Sutras.  Samkhya or Sankhya literally means count.  This school stressed on the acquisition of knowledge and a scientific system of inquiry.  It holds that it is the self-knowledge that leads to liberation and not any exterior influence or agent.  It also believes in dualism and postulates that everything stems from purusha (self or soul or mind) and prakriti (matter, creative agency, energy).  It also forms the philosophical basis for Yoga school. Orthodox Schools of Indian philosophy: Yoga The Yoga school was expounded by Patanjali in his 2nd Century B.C. Yoga Sutras.  It accepts the Samkhya psychology and presents yogic techniques as a method of physical and mental discipline.  It presents a path that combines meditation and yoga for the realization of the self whereas the Samkhya school emphasizes the...

  Schools of Indian philosophy: Further subdivision The orthodox schools can be further subdivided into the following 6 schools Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Purva Mimamsa (or simply Mimamsa) Vedanta (also called Uttara Mimamsa) The heterodox schools can be further subdivided into the following 3 schools Carvaka Budhhist Jain Out of these nine systems, eight are atheistic as there is no place for God in them. Only Uttara Mimansa, which is also called Vedanta, has a place for God in it.

  Schools of Indian philosophy Schools of Indian philosophy Schools of Indian philosophy – Introduction Schools of Indian philosophy are a part of Hindu philosophy has a long history originating in ancient India with several scholars intrigued by the mysteries of life and death, metaphysics, purpose of existence, belief in God etc. They codified their world views in what is referred to as schools of philosophy with each of them having extensive literature. Almost all Indian schools of thought accepted the theory of karma and rebirth, and the ideal of moksha is conceived as liberation from the cycle of births and deaths. Moksha/liberation is considered as the highest goal of human struggle. These schools of Indian philosophy can broadly be divided into two categories: Orthodox(Astik) Heterodox(Nastik) Schools of Indian philosophy: Difference between Astik schools and Nastik schools The difference between these two schools of Indian philosophy is  based on the recognition of Ved...

                                                                                                                                                   G.K. CHESTERTON  G.K. Chesterton was the best writers of the twentieth century. He was a critic, novelist and a poet but he was an essayist also. He began his career as a journalist and to write weekly articles for newspapers and magazines. He became a reputed figure in the Daily News. He used to sit in Fleet Street café and write his articles and essays with the help of his imaginative and intellectual po...

                               DREAM CHILDREN: A REVERIE- NOTES   Question 1 Who are Alice and John? Answer: Lamb’s imaginary children   Question 2. What sort of relations had Iamb with his brother? Answer: He loved his brother.   Question 3. What is Lethe? Answer: a river in Hades   Question 4. What was the immediate cause of the composition of the essay “Dréam Children: A Reverie”? Answer: The death of his brother.   Question 5. Which of the following fruits is not mentioned by Lamb that grew in the garden , in the Norfolk House? Answer: apple.   Question 6. Who according to Lamb, was the best dancer during her youth? Answer: Mrs. Field     Question 1 Write a character sketch of Lamb’s grandmother. Answer: Lamb’s grandmother had a pleasing personality. She was highly religious. She was beloved and respec...