LOVELIT'

  S IXTEENTH CENTURY/ELIZABETHAN PROSE The Elizabethan Age has well been called as a young age. It was full of boundless vigour, reawakened intellectual esteem and soaring imagination. The best of the age is found in drama and next in poetry. As prose, unlike verse, does not admit any substantial restriction hence Elizabethan prose developed substantially. For the first time prose had risen to a position of first rate importance. The dead weight of the Latin tradition was passing away and English prose was acquiring a tradition and a universal application. During the 15 th  century Latin dominated as the medium of expression while English came to its own in the 16 th  century. With the arrival of mass printing, English prose became the popular medium for works aiming both at amusement and instruction. The books which date from this period covered many departments of learning. The early Elizabethan use of prose was rich, gaudy and overflowing. It is far from commonly accep...

  HISTORY OF ENGLISH PROSE FIFTEENTH CENTURY PROSE The Fifteenth century is comparatively barren and non productive in the field of English literature. During this time little poetry of quality was written. The English and Scottish poets were very poor imitators of Chaucer both in the command of subject matter and versification. But the prose literature of this age recorded considerable progress. Unlike the poetry of this age prose suffered from no retrogression. There was a perceptible increase in skill due to increased practice. There was a growing perception of the beauties of rhythm and cadence and there was the development of various prose styles including the ornate and the plain. The English prose certainly moved forward during the 15 th  century to a richness that was unknown to the preceding age. During the 15 th  century prose made some remarkable progress because the English men shaped the rough material of their native tongue to form a literature for providing...

 D ifference between pramana vyavastha and pramana samplava. There are different means through which we learn valid knowledge.  These means are called pramanas.  The pramanas are six in number.  They are perception (pratyaksa), inference (anumana), comparison (upamana), testimony (sabda), presumption (arthapatti), and non-cognition (anupalabdhi).  Pramana-vyavastha means the jurisdiction of each pramana is mutually exclusive of the jurisdiction of the other.  For example Buddhist philosophy believes in pramana vyavastha which means every pramana has separate jurisdiction. Pramana samplava means various prmanas may overlap each other.  The schools of Nyaya and Vaisesika believe in pramana samplava.

 T he classification of the Indian philosophical systems into heterodox and orthodox schools. There are nine Indian Philosophical systems. They are classified into two divisions of the orthodox (astika) and the heterodox (nastika).  The schools of materialism, Buddhism, and Jainism don’t approve of the authority of the Vedas.  They are called heterodox, or nastika.  The remaining six schools are all orthodox, because directly or indirectly they accept the authority of the Vedas.  They are Nyaya, Vaisesika, Sankhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, and Vedanta schools of philosophy.  Of these, Mimamsa and Vedanta schools of philosophy depend on the Vedas and follow Vedic tradition and rituals.  On the other hand, Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya and Vaisesika are not based on the Vedas, but follow Vedic ideas.  The materialist school of philosophy accepts four human values such as dharma, artha, kama, and moksha but they don’t accept the ideas of God, soul, akasa.  They ac...

  Heterodox Schools of Indian Philosophy: Buddhist It is a system of beliefs based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. Buddhism is a non-theistic philosophy whose tenets are not especially concerned with the existence or non-existence of God. The question of God is largely irrelevant in Buddhism, and it is mainly founded on the rejection of certain orthodox Hindu philosophical concepts (althought it does share some philosophical views with Hinduism, such as belief in karma). Four Noble Truths in Buddhism are the following. There is suffering There is a cause of suffering There is a cessation of suffering There is a way to the cessation of suffering Buddhists philosophy of life to get ‘Nirvana’ from suffering is based on the following eight principles: Right Faith (Samyak Dristi) Right Resolve (Samyak Sankalpa) Right Speech (Samyak Vakya) Right Action (Samyak Karmanta) Right Living ( Samyak Ajiva) Right Thought (Samyak Smriti) Right concentration (Samyak Samadhi) Right Effort (S...

  Heterodox Schools of Indian Philosophy: Carvaka The term Carvaka was first recorded in the 7th Century by the philosopher Purandara, and in the 8th Century by Kamalasila and Haribhadra. Also known as Lokayata, Carvaka is a materialistic school of thought and is aimed at common people. It is characterised as a materialistic and aesthetic school of thought. It accepted direct perception as the surest method to prove the truth of anything and rejected the theory of Brahmana and God.